Lapis lazuli is a unique rock composed of several minerals, primarily lazurite, calcite, and pyrite, with possible additional minerals like diopside, amphibole, feldspar, and mica. This ancient gem often contains varying amounts of whitish calcite matrix and glinting yellow pyrite flecks or veins. In its most desirable form, lapis lazuli may exhibit a smoothly uniform body color, free of visible calcite and containing small, attractively distributed pyrite flecks. The signature hue of lapis lazuli ranges from slightly greenish blue to violetish blue, often described as indigo, royal, midnight, or marine blue. It typically has a medium to dark tone and is highly saturated. The most prized lapis lazuli is deep blue without noticeable calcite, while the presence of small pyrite flecks can enhance its appeal rather than detract from its value. Lower-quality lapis may appear dull or greenish due to excess pyrite, and those with prominent white calcite streaks are considered less valuable. Lapis lazuli is semitranslucent to opaque, displaying a waxy to vitreous luster, and has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, depending on its mineral composition. While many associate lapis with dark blue, it can be found in a variety of shades, from deep violet blue and royal blue to light blue and even turquoise blue. The different minerals present contribute to these color variations; for instance, lazurite is responsible for royal blue hues, while afghanite can produce pale blue shades. The traditional source of the finest lapis lazuli remains the mountains of Afghanistan, a source that has been valued for thousands of years. Other significant sources include Chile and Lake Baikal in Siberia, Russia, with minor sources in Angola, Canada, Colorado (USA), and Pakistan. This gemstone’s rich history and vibrant colors continue to make it a favorite among collectors and jewelry makers